한국어
English
日本語
中文 ( 简体 )
Minimal Incision Double Chin Muscle Binding
5219 reviews
6Cashdoc unified search page
3,529 search results for The BB Plastic Surgery Clinic
Plastic Surgery at a Glance
Is Plastic Surgery the right fit for my symptoms?
2 reviews0 hospitals
Hospital events 20 items
View moreDiscount rate48% Event price₩750,000Regular price₩1,450,000 The Door Plastic Surgery ClinicSeoul Q&A 0Views 284 5219 reviews6
Derbibi Exam Candidate Incision Surgery
Discount rate15% Event price₩330,000Regular price₩390,000 Derby Beauty Plastic Surgery ClinicSeoul Q&A 0Views 0 589 reviews0
Lip corner filler Botox
Event price₩220,000 Derby Beauty Plastic Surgery ClinicSeoul Q&A 0Views 0 589 reviews0
Rejuran Healer Unboxing OK
Event price₩200,000 Derby Beauty Plastic Surgery ClinicSeoul Q&A 0Views 0 589 reviews0
Hospital reviews 2 items
Community 3,498 items
View moreI had a consultation for under-eye fat repositioning at Leaders Plastic Surgery in Songdo, Incheon, and it really helped me sort out my thoughts.[15]
As I get older, the area under my eyes becomes puffy. I was stressed because my dark circles seemed to be getting worse, I finally mustered up the courage to get a consultation for under-eye fat repositioning and removal. It's right next to the dermatology clinic my child goes to. I've always thought I should get a consultation while watching this. The place where I had a consultation is <Songdo Leaders Plastic Surgery>. I had a lot of questions during the consultation, so I planned to ask a lot. First of all, you explained everything in such detail that I didn't need to do that. Skin sagging due to current skin condition or the progression of aging I heard explanations about things like that. Regarding the most important side effects or recovery period, I heard that. But since there is so much individual variation in this area... He seemed cautious when speaking. However, I agree with that point as well. It didn't sound like avoiding responsibility. The hospital atmosphere is clean and The medical staff were all quite friendly. It felt like the process leading up to the counseling was systematic. Until you receive a consultation for the under-eye fat repositioning procedure Combined with various other procedures as a package I thought you were going to recommend a really expensive procedure, but You only explained the part I inquired about. The price aspect is also not to a certain extent In the event of proceeding with the procedure in my actual condition It was clear because you told me the price. I haven't had the procedure yet. I plan to do it when the kids are on summer vacation. The biggest concern is dissatisfaction due to side effects. I'm still thinking about this part. However, if you undergo the procedure At Leaders Plastic Surgery, where I had a consultation first and it is close to my home I plan to do it. Overall, without any unnecessary frills I feel like I received good counseling in a comfortable atmosphere.
seabuck26.06.23Views 101Likes 2 Experience comfortable neurofibroma surgery at The Pride Plastic Surgery Clinic.[2]
I visited here to have a neurofibroma removed from my arm. The doctor and nurses are all professional and kind :) (It was amazing because all the staff were handsome and pretty) I was really nervous because I was worried about the pain from local anesthesia during the surgery, but the anesthesia was so painless that I laughed out loud, so I felt a little empty when I left the operating room. The doctor was considerate of the patient by placing several pillows on the shoulder area according to the surgical area to make it the most comfortable, and the doctor performed the surgery standing up in a position that suited my posture. It was a part that built trust even before the surgery started.☺️ The surgery time was about 20 minutes. I hope it heals well without a scar^
26.02.19Views 109Likes 0 
I was relieved of my hair loss worries at The Pride Plastic Surgery Clinic.[2]
Hair loss injections are a little painful, but they are very effective. After receiving hair loss injections at Pride Plastic Surgery, I felt like a lot of the worries that had been building up in my mind were lifted. I used to feel intimidated and blame myself every time I looked in the mirror because of my hair loss, but here, they listened to my story thoroughly from the first consultation, which was a great comfort. Rather than simply recommending a procedure, they calmly and easily explained my current condition, the cause of my hair loss, and the future management plan, which gave me confidence. During the injection treatment, they carefully monitored my condition and constantly checked for any discomfort, which helped me relax.
문수인26.02.04Views 94Likes 0 
A review of the hassle-free lifting experience at The Mentor Plastic Surgery Clinic in Gangnam-gu.
I've been thinking about getting a lifting procedure for a long time and finally got it done. As I've gotten older, I've noticed my facial contours aren't what they used to be, but I've been putting off any major procedures because I'm afraid they'd be burdensome and scary. But every time I take a picture, my jawline looks blurry, and when I smile, my cheeks feel like they're sagging. I knew I couldn't do it this time. After carefully researching reviews and consulting with several dermatologists, I decided on this procedure, which promised a natural lifting effect. The consultation was incredibly thorough, with the therapist assessing my face shape, sagging, and skin thickness. Rather than simply applying a strong treatment, they said they would adjust the intensity and number of shots to suit my face, which gave me confidence. I was a little nervous before the procedure, but it was over faster than I expected. I felt a tingling sensation in some areas, but it wasn't unbearable. I was also happy that the therapist kept asking me if I was okay. The nurses were quite friendly.
장연길26.01.26Views 127Likes 0 
Expert columns 4 items
[Health Column] The Real Reason You Always Feel Bloated Despite Normal Endoscopy Results: Fundamental Treatment for Functional Dyspepsia[1]
hello, Director Lee Ji-hye of Miol Korean Medicine Clinic Gwangmyeong Branch no see. If you look around, there are so many people who habitually take digestive aids because they always feel bloated and uncomfortable. 💊 You finally mustered the courage to get a gastroscopy after enduring the pain any longer, but hearing the normal findings that "there is no inflammation and it is very clear" often brings a wave of bewilderment rather than relief. 🥺 A condition characterized by persistent chronic upper abdominal discomfort and digestive disorders without an organic cause, directly Functional dyspepsia It is called. 🔍 Today, I will easily explain the true causes that cannot be detected by tests, and provide a fundamental treatment method to restore gastrointestinal motility tailored to your constitution! 📌 1️⃣ The endoscopy says everything is clean, so why is my stomach always uncomfortable and painful? 📌 Not a visible wound, but a camouflage that is not captured on screen Movement and Function It is because there is a problem with... In many cases, visible medical tests such as gastroscopy or blood tests do not reveal any structural abnormalities, such as inflammation or ulcers in the stomach wall. This is because the endoscopic screen only shows the surface (mucosa) of the stomach and cannot capture the 'movements' and 'functions,' such as how well the stomach massages and breaks down. In Korean medicine, this is defined as a condition where gastrointestinal motility is reduced and the circulation of Qi and blood is blocked, leading to the accumulation of waste products—that is, in a broad sense. Damjeok Ina Qi stagnation syndrome Diagnosed as. 🪵 Since no problems are visible on endoscopy, there are many patients who end up getting hurt emotionally after hearing comments from those around them saying, "You're just being overly sensitive." 😢 However, this is not simply a matter of mood, but occurs because the stomach is not functioning properly. Actual disease is. ✔️ 📌 Do not neglect it just because there are no visible wounds; you must resolve functional issues so that the stomach can function on its own. ✨ 2️⃣ Does this apply to me? What symptoms usually appear? 📌 A feeling of being deeply stuck or full Types of satiety Pain in the pit of the stomach Types of pain It is divided into two types. ⚠️ The typical symptoms of functional dyspepsia are broadly classified into two types. 🔸 First type 🍽️: I feel full even after eating just a little food. Early satiety It feels like food is stuck tightly in the pit of the stomach after a meal. Post-meal satiety Second type 🔥: Squeezing pain in the pit of the stomach Upper abdominal pain and a burning, unpleasant sensation Upper abdominal burning sensation In addition to this, it may be accompanied by symptoms such as frequent burping, nausea that feels like the inside is bursting, and abdominal bloating due to gas. 🎈 If these digestive disorder symptoms persist for several months or more, it is inevitable that you will become afraid of the very act of eating the food you face every day. 😭 As you completely lose the joy of eating delicious food, even your vitality in daily life gradually plummets. 📉 📌 If post-meal fullness or upper abdominal pain persists chronically, an active diagnosis is necessary for the sake of nutritional metabolism and quality of life! ✔️ 3️⃣ I rely on digestive medicine whenever I have indigestion. Are there any precautions I should be aware of? If you habitually rely solely on medication Your stomach will forget how to move on its own. ⚠️ The most common misconception is the complacent belief that "taking digestive aids or antacids whenever I have indigestion will solve the problem." 💊 While it may help with temporary symptom relief, it is dangerous to continuously rely solely on medication when the gastrointestinal motility itself is impaired. 🚨 Consequently, deep caution is required as you may fall into a vicious cycle where symptoms recur much more severely than before once the medication's effects wear off. Furthermore, it is absolutely forbidden to neglect treatment, claiming, "It is just due to a sensitive personality and will get better on its own if I just relax." 🙅♀️ While it is true that stress stimulates the gastrointestinal nervous system, already impaired physical motility of the stomach must be corrected through proper medical treatment. 📌 The key is to treat both the physical motility of the stomach and constitutional imbalances simultaneously, rather than suppressing symptoms with temporary medication. ✔️ 4️⃣ Who would benefit most from traditional Korean medicine treatment? 📌 It is highly effective for patients with chronic indigestion of unknown cause or those who experience stomach upset immediately upon stress. ✨ This treatment is most necessary for those who have repeatedly heard only terms like 'nervous' or 'sensitive' during endoscopic examinations and have been unable to find a clear treatment method. 🔍 Traditional Korean medicine is an excellent solution, especially for those who experience severe indigestion immediately upon mental stress, or suffer from digestive disorders accompanied by chronic headaches and dizziness. ⚠️ However, if accompanied by the following symptoms, a thorough examination is mandatory! Sudden weight loss with no apparent reason 📉 Symptoms of vomiting blood 🩸 Black stool 💩 These symptoms are highly likely to be caused by organic factors such as ulcers or tumors, so you must undergo a thorough examination first. 🚨 📌 Accurately distinguishing whether your symptoms are a simple functional disorder or an organic problem requiring precise examination is the first step toward safe treatment! 📌 5️⃣ What is the medical basis for Korean traditional medicine? 📌 By analyzing the patient's Sasang constitution, it promotes blood and energy circulation around the stomach and promotes the self-healing ability of the gastric muscle layer. 🌿 Korean traditional medicine treatment for functional dyspepsia does not rely merely on ready-made prescriptions that temporarily aid digestion, but begins with a thorough analysis of each individual patient's Sasang constitution. 📊 This is because the metabolic functions of the innate organs and the rise and fall of energy differ from person to person. 🔬 Evidence of Korean medicine treatment proven by accredited academic journals Banhasasimtang (Published in the SCI-indexed international journal Frontiers in Pharmacology): Scientifically demonstrated that it improves symptoms of indigestion by significantly increasing the concentration of 'Ghrelin,' a hormone that regulates gastrointestinal motility. 🧪 Yukgunjatang (Published in PubMed and other journals): Established evidence for promoting gastric emptying and treating postprandial fullness and early satiety through randomized clinical trials and systematic reviews. 📚 Customized acupuncture treatment (Published in a prestigious international academic journal): Results of personalized acupuncture treatment based on constitution showed an improvement of over 60% in indigestion symptoms compared to the control group, with effects proven to persist even 4 weeks after the end of treatment. 🎯 📌 When choosing a hospital, be sure to check if it proposes a 1:1 customized program by analyzing multifaceted causes such as the patient's constitutional characteristics, stress, and hormonal balance. ✔️ 💬 Frequently Asked Questions (FAQ) Q1. What is the real reason I continue to feel bloated and have stomach pain even though my gastroscopy was normal? 🤔 Gastroscopy only checks for structural abnormalities on the surface of the stomach wall. Functional dyspepsia is not a surface injury, but rather the stomach digesting food Motor skills There is a problem with the component itself, so separate treatment for functional recovery is required. 💡 Q2. I take digestive medicine out of habit. Is it okay to keep enduring like this? ⚠️ I absolutely do not recommend this in the long term. If you rely solely on medication while your stomach's motility is impaired, your stomach will forget how to move on its own. Before falling into a vicious cycle of accelerating relapses, you must begin treatment that strengthens your stomach's self-healing power. 🌱 Q3. My digestion gets worse when I'm stressed. Is this treatable with Korean traditional medicine? ⚡ It is entirely possible. Korean traditional medicine effectively treats nervous gastrointestinal disorders by restoring balance to the autonomic nervous system, relieving tension around the stomach and intestines tightened by stress, and normalizing hormone and Qi-blood circulation. ✨ 🎬 Conclusion: A wise first step toward a comfortable daily life If you are suffering from persistent indigestion despite being told there were no abnormalities on a gastroscopy, it is now time to look at the stomach's... rather than visible wounds Function and Mobility It is time to seriously reflect on this. 🔍 🔸 Management Points: Rather than relying on health supplements or folk remedies recommended by others, the proper order is to first check your current gastrointestinal condition and constitutional characteristics. 🙅♂️ ✔️ Necessity of specialist consultation: Since everyone has a different innate Sasang constitution and the underlying causes of impaired gastrointestinal function vary, you must consult with medical professionals to find a fundamental treatment method tailored to your constitution. ✨ "Rather than missing the opportunity for proper treatment by relying solely on digestive aids that merely temporarily suppress symptoms, I hope you boost your stomach's natural healing power to regain the joy of eating and the vitality of your daily life." 💪 Miol Korean Medicine Clinic Gwangmyeong Branch Director Lee Ji-hye Completed Master's degree in Clinical Korean Medicine at Kyung Hee University Bachelor of Korean Medicine, Dongguk University Member of the Korean Society of Oriental Medicine for Obesity Cumulative patients treated 10,000 more than 1 person Dietary treatment experience 9 more than a year hyeon Miol Korean Medicine Clinic Gwangmyeong branch Chief Director YouTube Diet Oriental Medicine Doctor Lee Ji-hye Herbal medicine diet tailored to your constitution ( Sasang Constitution Prescription ) Herbal medicine for appetite and metabolism regulation Weight loss without yo-yo effect – Metabolic recovery program climacteric , Postpartum weight management PCOS, Hormonal imbalance obesity treatment Stress-induced binge eating , Emotional eating management Breaking through a diet plateau 📚 Check out other columns by Director Lee Ji-hye. 👉 [Health Column] The Effects and Side Effects of Herbal Medicine for Weight Loss? The Truth and Misconceptions Based on 10,000 Patients 📎 This column was written based on the following materials. · Korea Disease Control and Prevention Agency National Health Information Portal — 'Functional Dyspepsia' Disease Information · Korea Institute of Oriental Medicine — 'Standard Clinical Practice Guidelines for Functional Dyspepsia in Korean Medicine' · Korean Society of Functional Gastroenterology and Motility — "Revised Clinical Practice Guidelines for Functional Dyspepsia" · SCI(E)-level international academic journal Frontiers in Pharmacology: Banhasasimtang clinical trial study · PubMed Systematic Review of Yukgunjatang
이지혜 원장26.06.09Views 118Likes 0 [Health Column] Why Is the Cost of Implant Revision Surgery More Expensive Than the Initial One? The Real Reason Explained by a Dental Specialist[1]
hello! Lee Hyun-seop, Chief Director of Seoul Centum Dental Clinic no see. There are many people who expect that once they have implant surgery, they will be able to use them reliably for a lifetime or for a very long time. In fact, if you provide thorough after-sales service, there are many cases where you can use it stably for over 10 years without any issues. However, unfortunately, situations often arise where you face the cost of implant revision surgery due to a lack of aftercare or sudden gum inflammation. "I already spent a lot of money on surgery, do I have to do it again?", "Why is the cost of revision surgery higher than the first time?" My heart feels heavy whenever I receive questions from patients who are upset, saying things like that. So today, I will clearly explain, tailored to the patient's perspective, exactly why implant revision surgery costs arise and in what cases the cost difference is significant! 1. What are the main causes that lead to implant revision surgery? The main reasons for needing to re-implant an implant include peri-implantitis (inflammation of the surrounding gums), fracture of the prosthesis, and failure of initial fixation. 📌 The most common culprit, peri-implantitis The most common reason for deciding on revision surgery is peri-implantitis. Inflammation of the gums and bone surrounding the implant can lead to bone resorption, where the alveolar bone responsible for firmly supporting the implant erodes. Initially, it starts mildly with gum bleeding or slight swelling, but if left untreated, it eventually leads to the implant becoming severely loose. 📌 Damage to prosthetics and structures due to excessive force If you enjoy eating hard and chewy foods or if excessive force is continuously applied to the oral cavity, structural damage such as breakage of the prosthesis or loosening of internal screws may occur. If you visit a dentist early, this problem can be resolved relatively simply, but if you delay and neglect it for a long time, it will eventually lead to implant revision surgery, resulting in much higher costs. 📌 Initial fixation failure due to failure to properly fuse with bone Immediately after implant surgery, the process of 'osseointegration,' in which the gum bone and the implant firmly bond as one unit, is extremely important. However, there are cases where implants fail to properly anchor to the bone due to factors such as excessive smoking or drinking after surgery, failure to control diabetes, or insufficient initial post-operative care. 2. What are some abnormal implant symptoms that absolutely should not be overlooked? If you experience gum bleeding, looseness, food getting stuck, or feel looseness or discomfort when chewing, you should get a check-up promptly without delay. . If you feel any subtle changes or discomfort in your mouth, you must never dismiss it by assuming it will get better on its own. Whether initial response This is because it is the key factor determining the difference in the cost of implant revision surgery. 🔹 My gums keep bleeding every time I brush my teeth. 🔹 I feel like my implant tooth is slightly loose. 🔹 Food keeps getting stuck between my teeth more than before. 🔹 When chewing food with enjoyment, it feels inexplicably uncomfortable and aching. 🔹 I feel a slight looseness that is different from when the prosthesis was first placed. If you experience even one of the symptoms mentioned above, visiting a dentist promptly to check your condition is the wisest way to significantly reduce the difficulty of treatment and the cost of re-surgery. 3. Why is the cost of implant revision surgery more expensive than the initial surgery? This is because revision surgery is not simply about re-implanting the implant, but involves complex recovery treatments simultaneously, such as the removal of the existing implant, treatment of inflammation, and bone grafting. ! Many people ask, "Why is it more expensive than the first time when the dentist is just implanting it exactly the same way?" Implant revision surgery is by no means a simple process of just pulling it out and quickly re-implanting it. This is because the root cause of the problem with the existing implant must be accurately identified, the area damaged by inflammation restored to normal, and the re-implantation process must be repeated from the beginning. When actually performing the surgery Unlike the initial surgery, the following complicated treatment processes are added. 🔸 Removal of existing implants : The problematic existing fixture (artificial tooth root) already embedded in the gums must be cleanly removed. At this point, the difficulty varies widely depending on whether it simply pops out or requires surgical removal that involves cutting away the alveolar bone. 🔸 Treatment of surrounding inflammation : If the implant is filled with peri-implantitis, you must undergo treatment to completely scrape out the surrounding infected tissue and clean the area thoroughly. 🔸 Bone grafting and maxillary sinus lift : If the gum bone has already been severely lost due to inflammation, bone grafting or sinus lift surgery is essential to refill the bone and create a foundation for placing a new implant. 🔸 Re-implantation surgery and prosthetic remanufacturing : We re-implant a new implant into the firmly restored alveolar bone, and completely redesign and fabricate the abutment and crown to suit the patient's current oral condition. 💡 Implant Revision Surgery Cost Formula at a Glance [Surgical removal of existing implant + Treatment for inflammation and gum recovery + Advanced bone grafting + Re-implantation of new implant and fabrication of prosthesis] In the end, all of this Existing treatment + recovery treatment + retreatment Because the process involves complex steps performed simultaneously, the overall cost of the implant revision surgery is inevitably higher than the initial cost. 4. Is it true that the cost of revision surgery varies from person to person and that a complete removal might not be necessary? 🦷 🦷Yes, that is true! The cost varies depending on the extent of inflammation and bone loss, and we can reduce the financial burden by replacing only the upper components instead of extracting the entire bone. ! This is precisely why it is difficult to get a clear, fixed price even if you call a dental clinic out of the blue and ask, "How much does implant revision surgery cost?" The exact cost of revision surgery is as follows: Individual patient's oral environment and precise examination results This is because it varies completely depending on. Extent of inflammation and degree of alveolar bone (gum bone) loss Difficulty of removing existing implants Whether bone grafting and maxillary sinus lift are performed Number of implants requiring re-implantation Fortunately, not all patients necessarily have to undergo the terrifying surgery of digging out the entire thing and replanting it. Depending on the condition, treatment is neatly divided into two main directions. ✔️ Cases where only parts can be modified or replaced (relatively low burden) Fortunately, if the gum bone is very strong and there is a simple problem only with the upper prosthesis, an internal screw has loosened, or it is only slightly damaged, there is absolutely no need to extract the entire tooth. Since only some parts need to be simply repaired or replaced, the pain and cost burden are significantly reduced. ⚠️ Cases where full revision surgery is essential (somewhat high burden) If peri-implantitis has progressed severely, causing significant bone resorption in the surrounding area, or if the fixture itself within the gum bone is completely fractured and damaged, it is necessary to surgically remove the entire existing structure completely before proceeding with re-implantation, which increases both the difficulty and the cost. 5. What is the best management method to definitely reduce the cost of implant revision surgery? The most perfect way to save money is regular checkups every 6 months to 1 year, thorough follow-up care using dental floss and interdental brushes, and quitting smoking. The greatest secret to drastically reducing the cost of implant revision surgery and protecting your wallet is ultimately adhering to the basic principle of 'thorough initial care.' If you meticulously follow just the following three rules in your mouth, you can completely avoid the risk of revision surgery. ✨ Make regular dental checkups every 6 months to 1 year a part of your daily routine! You must never skip the regular check-up schedule provided by the dental clinic. If invisible, microscopic gum inflammation or loosening of dental prosthetics is detected early when they are still very small, you can avoid major re-surgery and prevent extensive treatment with simple measures, allowing you to enjoy a luxurious experience. ✨ Much more meticulous oral hygiene care than natural teeth! Since implant teeth do not have nerves, caring for the surrounding gums is much more important than for natural teeth. Since regular brushing alone cannot remove all the fine debris stuck in the crevices, you must carry a set of dental floss, interdental brushes, and water flossers (oral irrigators) to consistently and thoroughly clean every nook and cranny. ✨ Thoroughly manage smoking that slowly melts away your gum bone! Smoking is a terrifying culprit that drastically increases the frequency of peri-implantitis, which causes inflammation around implants, and explosively raises the risk of bone resorption, where the gum bone collapses. In particular, you must firmly avoid smoking, which is harmful in every way, immediately after implant surgery or during the sensitive initial settling period, in order to safely preserve the foundation of your precious teeth. FAQ Q1. If the gums around the implant bleed, do I absolutely have to have them all extracted and undergo re-surgery? ? A1. No! There is absolutely no need to be scared right from the start. In cases of early-stage periodontal inflammation characterized by bleeding gums, or simply loose screws or minor damage to the upper prosthesis, treatment is possible without the need to extract the entire tooth; only specific parts can be neatly modified or replaced, allowing for burden-free treatment. However, if the bone has already severely eroded, a full re-operation may be necessary, so it is important to undergo a thorough examination immediately upon discovery. Q2. Why does smoking after implant surgery increase the likelihood of re-surgery and cost more money? ? A2. This is because smoking constricts blood vessels in the mouth, fatally interfering with the most critical process of 'osseofusion,' where the gum bone and the implant must adhere tightly as one. This leads to an uncontrollable increase in the risk of peri-implantitis and bone resorption, ultimately resulting in the burden of massive revision surgery costs where the entire implant structure must be removed and bone grafting must be performed again from the beginning due to the failure of initial fixation. conclusion The cost of implant revision surgery is by no means a one-dimensional expense of simply implanting a new artificial tooth component. This is a comprehensive treatment fee that includes a highly specialized recovery process to safely and healthily normalize the gum environment and alveolar bone foundation, which have been severely collapsed and damaged due to inflammation. Therefore, the most certain key point to prevent frightening side effects and massive waste of money is the speed of catching subtle abnormal signals before the problem snowballs. Don't carelessly miss the timing by thinking, "It doesn't hurt yet, so it'll be fine," or "Even if I feel a slight wavering, I'm busy, so I'll go later." The habit of visiting a dental professional without delay to have your condition thoroughly checked when you feel even slight shaking or minor discomfort. This is truly the best wisdom for fully protecting your precious dental health and, consequently, definitely saving the biggest costs. Seoul Centum Dental Clinic Chief Director Lee Hyun-seop Specialist in Integrated Dentistry Graduated from Korea University Master of Dentistry, Kyung Hee University College of Dentistry Regular member of the Korean Academy of Oral and Maxillofacial Implantology Regular member of the Korean Endodontic Society Regular member of the Korean Academy of Integrated Dentistry Member of the American Academy of Aesthetic Dentistry (AACD) Member of the American Academy of Implant Dentistry (AAID) Full member of the International Congress of Implantologists (ICOI) Experience in placing over 17,000 implants Possesses extensive overseas experience visiting over 10 countries Experience with numerous complex implant cases Read other health columns by Director Lee Hyun-seop > [Health Column] Why Are Impacted Wisdom Teeth a Problem? Pain, Inflammation, and Damage at a Glance [Health Column] Curious about implant lifespan? How long can they be used? [Health Column] I heard there are so many types of implant bone grafts… What criteria should I use to choose one?
이현섭 원장26.05.21Views 29315Likes 1 [Health Column] Do you know the post-implantation criteria that are more important than the treatment itself?[7]
hello, Director Lee Hyeon-seop of Seoul Centum Dental Clinic no see. The most frequently asked questions by people considering implants are usually similar. “How long can I use it?”, “Does it hurt?”, “How much does it cost?” But surprisingly, the most common thing that comes up after an actual problem arises is this. “Wasn’t this supposed to be repaired?” Implants are Long-term treatment that includes management, not just surgery no see. And the standard for that is Implant AS period no see. Is there an after-sales service period for implants? 🦷 For implants, the ‘dentist’s aftercare standards’ are more important than the warranty. Many people assume that implants come with a clear manufacturer warranty, like appliances. But in reality AS standards operated by each dental clinic This exists. ✔ A certain period of time after planting ✔ Under certain conditions ✔ This is a structure that provides re-treatment free of charge or partially free of charge. The problem is AS period and scope are not the same in all dental clinics. is the point. Because there are no legally enforced standards, The saying “AS is possible” is used in every dental clinic. Completely different meaning It can be. So before treatment Check specific criteria This is important. Why is the implant AS period absolutely necessary? 🦷Even if the success rate is high, the possibility of failure is not completely 0%. To be honest, implants are a treatment with a high success rate. But especially Within 6 months to 1 year after implantation , the following problems may occur: 🔸 When the bone and implant do not fuse properly 🔸 Surrounding problems caused by gum inflammation 🔸 Abutment loosening 🔸 Crown fracture or fall out 🔸 Overload due to teeth grinding and clenching When problems arise during this period The patient burden varies completely depending on whether there is an AS period or not. No AS → Full burden of reoperation and reprosthesis costs AS Clear → Free or minimal cost solution The difference is bigger than you think. Why can cheap implants be risky? 🦷The cheaper the price, the more carefully you should scrutinize the after-sales service. . When comparing implant prices, there are some places that stand out. ✔ Extremely low cost ✔ Emphasize event-oriented pricing ✔ Almost no mention of AS during the consultation process In this case If the AS period is non-existent or very limited There are many. It may seem cheap at the time of treatment, but If a problem arises in 1-2 years A structure that incurs greater costs and time again no see. Implants are Not a “cheap treatment” It is important to remember that this is a “long-term management treatment”. What should I check during the implant AS period? 🦷Before deciding on a dentist, be sure to ask yourself this question: . Before choosing a dental clinic, we recommend that you check the questions below. 1️⃣ How many years is the implant AS period? 2️⃣ To what extent is AS applied? ( Fixture / Abutment / Crown Distinction) 3️⃣ Does this also apply to cases of negligence in patient management (smoking, failure to undergo regular checkups)? To this question Dentistry that provides clear answers If it's ramen, it can be seen as a place that at least has standards for after-sales service. FAQ Q1. Is it always good if the implant AS period is long? A1. More than the period itself Whether the scope and conditions of application are clear is more important. Q2. If there is a problem after implantation, will all problems be covered by after-sales service? A2. It varies depending on the standards of each dental clinic. Restrictions depending on patient management It can be. Q3. I feel uncomfortable bringing up the topic of after-sales service during consultations. Do I really need to ask? A3. Because implants are a long-term treatment, The most important thing to check before treatment do. conclusion If you are considering implants Before checking the price, check the ‘implant AS period’. Not after the problem has occurred, This is most important before deciding on treatment. Not all treatments work equally well for everyone. Rather than making a decision without thinking, check the current status, Through sufficient consultation with a specialist Aftercare standards that are right for me Please check it out. The real treatment for implants begins from the moment care begins, not the moment they are placed. Seoul Centum Dental Clinic CEO Lee Hyeon-seop Integrated Dentistry Specialist Graduated from Korea University Master of Dentistry, College of Dentistry, Kyung Hee University Regular member of the Korean Society of Oral and Maxillofacial Implantology Full member of the Korean Academy of Endodontics Full member of the Korean Academy of Integrative Dentistry Full member of the American Academy of Aesthetic Dentistry (AACD) Full member of the American Academy of Implant Dentistry (AAID) Full member of the International Congress of Implantology (ICOI) Experience in placing over 17,000 implants Has extensive overseas experience, having visited more than 10 countries Experience with numerous high-difficulty implant cases Read other health columns by Director Lee Hyeon-seop > [Health Column] Impacted Wisdom Teeth: Why Are They a Problem? Pain, Inflammation, and Damage All at a Glance [Health Column] Curious about the implant lifespan? How long can I use it? [Health Column] There are so many different types of implant bone grafting... What criteria should I use to choose?
이현섭 원장26.01.06Views 908Likes 4 [Health Column] Is Full Implant Safe for Older Adults?[16]
hello. Director Jeong Jae-wook of Gangnam Saero Dental Clinic no see. If a lot of teeth fall out "now denture Is there no other answer? "There are many people who worry first. Especially those over 60 This makes treatment choices more careful, so these days instead of dentures Full implant The number of people who are concerned about this is increasing. But when it comes to implants, it's natural Surgical burden, recovery, and cost The same worries come to mind and you end up postponing your decision. Fortunately, recent advances in full implant technology have made treatment much more precise and accessible than in the past. Since the entire implant procedure requires a complex and precise treatment process, the experience and capabilities of the medical staff are very important. That's why If a place can perform full implants reliably, you can also expect a high degree of completion and success rate for single implants. In this column, we will discuss what a full implant is. , Do I really need to plant so many? , Is it possible even if you are elderly or have an underlying disease? Let me explain. 1. What is a full implant and under what circumstances should it be considered? 👋 Full implants are a treatment that restores the entire dentition to function like natural teeth. Full implants are a treatment designed to restore both aesthetics and function when teeth are missing throughout the upper or lower jaw. This can be considered not only for those who are missing all their teeth, but also for those who find their existing dentures uncomfortable or want to replace all their remaining teeth. 🔸 It's easy to understand it like this If all teeth are missing → Full replacement purpose If your dentures are uncomfortable → A more stable alternative with a fixed structure If only part of the tooth remains → The purpose is to restore the integration of function and aesthetics. Full implants do not mean “planting all the teeth.” How to treat Designed to fit the patient's condition It will work. 2. Is it really better to plant more? What is the "economics of minimum planting"? 👋 The key isn't 'a lot', but 'just the right amount, in the best location' In the past, it was thought that implants had to be placed for every missing tooth, which made the cost and surgical burden extremely high. However, today's approach has changed. ✔️ Important points Even if all of the upper and lower teeth are lost Only the minimum number of implants are placed based on the location of strong gum bones. By that number Full tooth function can be sufficiently restored Especially at our Gangnam Saero Dental Clinic All-on-Four method is a method of supporting a fixed prosthesis with about 4 implants. ⚠️ Reduced surgical scope ⚠️ Reduced recovery burden ⚠️ Reduced cost burden This has great advantages. “Planting a lot = good treatment” is not true. Structurally stable and only as much as necessary Planting is the key. 3. Is it safe for the elderly, diabetic patients, or those with high blood pressure? What if I'm concerned about safety? 👋 We use a burden-reducing approach with precise digital solutions. Many people give up on implants because of concerns such as “I’m too old…” or “I have a chronic illness…” However, full implants can be an important treatment that can significantly improve the quality of life for these people. Based on 3D digital precision analysis → Pre-surgery mock surgery Reduce error with Minimize the extent of the incision → Reduces bleeding and swelling & helps speed recovery Plant only where absolutely necessary → Minimize physical strain So we can organize it like this ✔️ Suitable for seniors as well ✔️ Even if you have a systemic disease, it is possible if the design is tailored to your individual condition. ✔️ What's important is Precision diagnosis + selection of experienced medical staff ❓ FAQ Q1. I am old. Can I still get it if I have diabetes or high blood pressure? A1. It is possible. Recently, precision planning utilizing 3D digital equipment and minimally invasive techniques (e.g., navigation implants) have been applied to reduce bleeding and swelling and shorten surgical times. This has allowed even elderly patients and those with systemic diseases to receive safe treatment. Q2. I'm really worried about the pain. Is there a way to get treatment that will make it less painful? A2. For patients with significant pain anxiety, methods (e.g., sleep implants) can be used to help them receive treatment in a comfortable environment. This can help reduce surgical noise and fear, allowing for a more comfortable experience. 📝 conclusion Full implant is not simply a “replanting of teeth” treatment, Treatment to restore life functions and comfort no see. ✔️ Planting a lot is not necessarily a good thing. ✔️ Minimum planting design considering cost and burden is an important criterion. ✔️ Even if you are elderly or have a chronic disease, it is a completely possible choice if you have a precise diagnosis and a safe system. but, Each patient's gum bone condition, oral structure, and health condition are different. Don't judge based solely on information on the Internet. After a detailed consultation with an experienced specialist Finding the “right treatment plan for me” is the safest way. 👉 Please look forward to the next column, which will cover 'All-on-Four full implants' in more detail! Gangnam Saero Dental Clinic Director Jeong Jae-wook Ministry of Health and Welfare, Dental Prosthodontics Specialist Graduated from Yonsei University College of Dentistry Graduated with a master's degree from Yonsei University School of Dentistry Intern at Yonsei University Sinchon Severance Hospital , Prosthodontics Residency Completion Korean Academy of Prosthodontics, recognized and full member Korean Society of Oral and Maxillofacial Implantology (KAOMI) Premium Member Regular member of the Korean Society of Temporomandibular Joint and Occlusion Full member of the Korean Academy of Aesthetic Dentistry jeon ) Adjunct Professor, Yonsei University College of Dentistry jeon ) Former Director of Yonsei Good Day Dental Clinic Yangjae Branch hyeon ) Korean Academy of Prosthodontics, Board of Review , Expert Committee/Academic Affairs Committee hyeon ) Korean Society of Oral and Maxillofacial Implantology (KAOMI) Director of Academic Planning See more expert columns on laminates > [Health Column] Is Dental Laminates Really "No Prep"? Key Points You Need to Know [Health Column] AirNate – Why Laminates Can Provide Teeth Reshaping in as Little as a Week with Minimized Tooth Removal [Health Column] A guide to solving bad breath, from its causes to simple and easy management methods, even when you just breathe. 👉 Check out more details on all implants from Dr. Jae-wook Jeong of Gangnam Saero Dental Clinic
정재욱 원장25.12.22Views 536Likes 9
![[Health Column] The Real Reason You Always Feel Bloated Despite Normal Endoscopy Results: Fundamental Treatment for Functional Dyspepsia](https://media.nudge-community.com/10262482)
![[Health Column] Why Is the Cost of Implant Revision Surgery More Expensive Than the Initial One? The Real Reason Explained by a Dental Specialist](https://media.nudge-community.com/9786095)
![[Health Column] Is Full Implant Safe for Older Adults?](https://media.nudge-community.com/9757876)
Treatment/surgery tips 5 items
View moreBotox Price Differences: Will Imported Products Last Longer?[6]
When looking into Botox treatments, you often get asked, “Imported ones are more expensive, but do they last longer?” Does the price difference translate into a difference in actual effectiveness? Because this is the part that people are most curious about when first choosing. What is botulinum toxin? Botox is a specific product name, but it is now used as a general term for botulinum toxin treatments. The first product developed was Allergan's Botox, followed by Xeomin, Spot, and domestic products. In Korea, various products are used, such as Liztox, Medytox, and Coretox. Why are imported products more expensive? Based on hospital treatment costs, imported products (Xeomin) are sometimes about twice as expensive as domestic products. The product distribution price itself is known to differ by about five times. The reasons for the price difference are as follows: The fact that it is an imported product Differences in distribution process Research and development costs Product differentiating factors Especially, Jeomin Structure without complex proteins , and this is reflected in the price. If the price is high, will the effect be better? Just because something is more expensive doesn't mean it will last longer or be more effective. Domestically produced botox is also quite effective and the duration of effect may not be much different. So it is difficult to simply judge that “it is better because it is more expensive.” Differences between resistance and complex proteins ✔ Products without complex proteins Among imported products Xeomin It is known to have a structure that does not form antibodies because it does not have complex proteins. Some people consider this important when considering long-term repeat treatments. ✔ Considerations when switching after domestic treatment If antibodies are formed through a domestic procedure, switching to Xeomin may not be effective. However, it also includes the content that it is difficult to say that the frequency of resistance is high just because domestic products are used. When and what choices will be considered? ✔ If it only happens once or twice If you are considering a one-time procedure for a specific event, such as a wedding, The probability of developing resistance converges to almost 0. In this case, you may choose a product that is less expensive. ✔ If it happens often In case of repeated treatment at intervals of every month or two months, such as Dermotoxin, There are empirical references to cases where tolerance has developed. If the frequency of treatment is this high, differences in product structure may also be considered. Other products without complex proteins Among domestic products, Coretox was announced to be free of complex proteins. However, the verification period is shorter compared to Jeomin. This part can be interpreted differently depending on individual judgment. 🔎 So how should we look at the price of Botox? It is difficult to see the difference in effectiveness as a simple price difference. Whether repeat treatment is planned Personal concerns about introversion budget range These factors are considered together. So, prices are often different for each person. 👇 See real visitor reviews Abijou Clinic in Hongdae, Mapo-gu, provides friendly jaw botox treatment even for urgent visits! I'm satisfied with my first Botox experience at Mapo-gu Maypure Clinic. A clean and friendly nose botox experience at Orta Clinic in Seocho-gu
캐시닥 운영진26.02.13Views 361Likes 5 Why Long Faces Look Longer: Start with Lip Corner Fillers
It is very common to try to make the center of a long face look shorter, but if done incorrectly, it can actually make the facial proportions look more awkward. In particular, procedures with lower perceived effects than expected, such as lip corner fillers and aegyo fillers, can easily lead to disappointment. 1) Definition | What does it mean to say 'the center looks long'? General central area: eyebrows–nose tip Actual perception: Central part: outer corner of the eye – outer corner of the mouth → If this area is perceived as long, the entire face will appear longer. Long face shapes often have a downward-pointing center of gravity, so simply focusing on the area around the mouth may not be effective. 2) Principle | Why Lip Corner and Aegyo Fillers Don't Work as Expected ❌ Not recommended approach Lip corner filler corners of the mouth End point It is not a procedure that actually raises the It is closer to creating volume in the front corners of the mouth, so the feeling of shortening in the center is weak. Excessive treatment may make the philtrum appear longer or the corners of the mouth appear more droopy. Aegyo filler It is possible to make the middle part look shorter Short maintenance period, high risk of shape change when repeated There is a possibility that filler may accumulate like fat under the eyes, so it is necessary to consider the start itself. Note: If you have thin lips, lip fillers may help improve central perception. corners of the mouth End point For angles, botox for the corners of the mouth may be relatively more suitable. 3) Note | Why you should change direction for long face shapes Move the center of gravity upward rather than directly reducing the vertical length Lift sagging volume or straighten side lines → The key is to “pull it up and fill the sides” rather than “make it shorter.” 4) Recommended Options | Relatively Considerable Options Deep ball laser lifting Raise the center of gravity by lifting the sagging core The more sagging there is, the greater the perceived effect tends to be. If the change is significant when the ball is lifted, the consideration value is ↑ Side cheek filler If your cheekbones are concave, your face will look longer. Creates a smooth side line to reduce the perception of length The side cheeks are prone to adhesions, so they tend to last a long time. Real lifting Design can be adjusted by adding weight For long face shapes, emphasizing the volume of the cheekbones and cheekbones can actually be an advantage. Forehead filler Move the highest point of the clown upwards Raise the center of gravity of the entire face to create a shorter impression 5) Summary Avoid: Lip corner filler, aegyo filler (low perception of shortening in the central area, risk) Consider: Deep cheek lifting → cheek/front cheek filler → thread lifting Change your perspective: Instead of trying to shrink the height, try to lift it up and fill the sides. A long face shape isn't a flaw. Rather than drastically changing it, subtle adjustments to volume and center of gravity can significantly change your impression. Use your judgment to make your choice.
캐시닥 운영진26.02.05Views 205Likes 0 Ultherapy Prime vs. Onda Lifting: A Real-World Guide to Which Treatment is Best for Your Facial Concerns
Ultherapy Prime vs. Onda Lifting: both procedures are frequently mentioned for 'lifting,' but How it works · Key effects · Recommended for This is completely different. 1) Reasons why comparison is necessary Many people ask, “What is the difference between Ulthera and Onda?”, The two procedures are Equipment with different purposes, not subject to simple comparison no see. two procedures Principles, Feel, Design Method, Recommended for We will clearly distinguish between them to make it easier to organize the concerns of Cashdoc members! 2) Ultherapy Prime (commonly called 'Ulthera') ✔ Key Summary method: High-intensity focused ultrasound (HIFU) core: thermal solidification point SMAS stimulation + fat-compressing lifting design: While looking at the ultrasound screen A procedure meticulously designed shot by shot feel: There may be some pain. Recommended for: Late 20s to 30s and older, Sagging + localized volume principle A structure that focuses and shoots ultrasound waves at a 'single point', much like a magnifying glass focusing light (HIFU). At about 65–70°C thermal freezing point The key is to make it. This freezing point Pressing down on the fat or It creates a lift by pulling the SMAS. Design characteristics Apply the gel, and look at the screen Fixed–Shoot–Move Proceeding in the form. Based on skilled practitioner standards, Static procedure enabling delicate design . Ultrasonic resolution has been improved with the recent upgrade to Prime. Giving a feeling The pain is “not tremendous, but somewhat present.” I tend to maintain it about once or twice a year. Which face type suits it best? Late 20s to 30s and older when initial sagging begins When there is volume in places and an overall flowing feel If the design fits, satisfaction tends to be high. If you already have little cheek fat or a thin face, it seems necessary to be more careful in determining the design direction. 3) Onda Lifting ✔ Key Summary method: microwaves (electromagnetic waves) core: Fat destruction + tightening design: A contouring method that applies oil and continuously moves the tip. feel: Almost no pain, almost no downtime Recommended for: For those in their early to mid-20s with a lot of baby fat or cheek fat, or with overall facial volume principle Use of electromagnetic waves in the form of microwaves. The tip is Shallow depth · Deep depth It is divided into two types (e.g., 3mm / 7mm), Delivers heat to the entire face fat destruction Light tightening Induces. Design method Apply oil Moving sweeping form The procedure. Refining the overall facial lines It is similar to a contouring procedure. . There are almost no visible marks from the procedure, and even slight redness tends to disappear quickly. Feelings/Giving Almost no pain. There is almost no downtime, so... Procedures that can be received more frequently You can understand it as follows. Which face does it fit? Early to mid-20s · Baby fat · Round face · Voluminous face If you want your face to look smaller especially double chin Jawline volume For many people, the feeling of slimming down starts from the first week. ⚠️ Structural points to note The 7mm deep tip is quite effective at destroying fat, For women with small faces or little body fat, it may be difficult to completely avoid the areas they wish to avoid. (Typically, areas of concern for ball indentation). 4) Key Differences Between the Two Procedures at a Glance item Ultherapy Prime Onda Lifting method Ultrasound (HIFU) microwaves (electromagnetic waves) Key Effects Lifting, Tightening, Fat Reduction Fat destruction and tightening pain Somewhat almost none Treatment cycle 1 to 2 times a year possible more often design Designing static 'shots' while watching the screen Move the tip to contour the entire line Recommended for Late 20s to 30s+, mixed sagging and volume Early to mid-20s, cases with a lot of volume and a double chin merit Powerful lifting · Delicate design Almost no pain · Slimming effect 5) Selection Guide When considering the two procedures, asking yourself the following questions will clarify the matter. ✔ 1) Is my concern 'sagging'? → Ultherapy Prime It is closer to. ✔ 2) Is my concern 'overall volume, double chin, and a wide face silhouette'? → Onda Lifting This is closer. ✔ 3) If both apply? Depending on the case, the amounts of the two procedures are adjusted and performed in combination. Ultherapy Prime Lifting focused on sagging and the fascia layer, precise design, recommended for late 20s to 30s and older Onda Lifting : Fat-destroying central slimming effect, virtually painless, suitable for early to mid-20s or voluminous faces It is not a matter of “which one is better” between the two procedures, The choice depends on whether my face is 'sagging-based' or 'volume-based'.
캐시닥 운영진26.01.14Views 287Likes 0 Before and after effects of shrinking, why it's better with Liv![11]
When it comes to increasing skin elasticity and shaping facial lines, few lifting procedures are as effective as Shrink. Recently, people have been curious about the synergistic effects of combining Shrink and Liv. Today, we will introduce a member of the Cashdoc community Before and after shrink With, Shrink and Liv combination I'll tell you about it. Before and after shrink by Infree member Reasons for choosing Shrink ✅ Improved skin elasticity : After giving birth, I felt that my skin was aging due to severe freckles and wrinkles, so I wanted to get my skin elasticity back through shrink treatment. ✅ Safety and efficiency : Shrink is a safe procedure approved by the Ministry of Food and Drug Safety. It was impressive that the procedure time was short, around 15 to 20 minutes, and that daily life could be resumed immediately after the procedure. ✅ Proven effectiveness : I trusted it because it has been proven effective through numerous clinical cases and it is said that the lifting effect can be expected from deep within the skin by applying the latest HIFU technology. What is shrink? Shrink is A treatment that delivers heat energy to the deep layers of the skin using high-intensity focused ultrasound (HIFU). This is it. It stimulates collagen production. Firms the skin and smooths sagging jawline and cheeks It is effective in doing so. Shrink treatment process 1) After thoroughly washing the skin in the treatment area, Apply anesthetic cream to the entire face and wait for at least 30 minutes. do. 2) Ultrasound energy is delivered to desired areas such as the jawline, cheeks, and forehead through HIFU equipment. ✅ The shrink treatment time is approximately 15 to 30 minutes. It's short. ✅ Shrink pain level At first, it was a pain that made me see stars above my closed eyes. The pain is so much that I can't stand it It was. When does the shrink effect start? The shrink effect is maximized after 3 to 4 weeks. Yes. You can check the progress of the shrink treatment through the before and after shrink photos of Infree members. 1) Immediately after shrink treatment This photo was taken immediately after the shrink treatment, before applying the pack. There wasn't much redness immediately after the treatment, so it didn't interfere with my daily life. This is a picture I took at home after the shrink treatment. I immediately saw the effect of my jawline being defined and my skin being lifted more than before. 2) One week after the shrink treatment This photo was taken a week after the shrink treatment. The sagging jawline and facial skin have definitely been lifted and smoothed out compared to before the treatment. The shrink effect is maximized over time, so it takes 3 to 4 weeks after the procedure. After a while, my nasolabial folds and jawline became smoother, and my skin felt firmer overall. Precautions after shrink treatment ✅ sunscreen Please apply it thoroughly. ✅ Moisturizing cream You need to apply it well to keep your skin moisturized. ✅ About a week Drinking, smoking, strenuous exercise, steaming, sauna should be avoided. Infree members were very satisfied with the shrink, but left a review saying that they were disappointed that they could not receive both the shrink and the re-v at the same time, as the effects are maximized when received together. then, Why Shrink is Better with Liv What is it? Shrinking alone is enough to lift the entire face, but Because adding ribs allows for more detailed care This is it. Liv uses the same HIFU technology as the Shurink, but it is used for areas such as the eyes, mouth, and neck. Treatment targeted at areas requiring precise care I can do it. The synergy effect added by Liv ✅ Detailed area supplementation : While Shrink is strong in lifting the entire face, it's relatively difficult to treat delicate areas like wrinkles around the eyes or mouth. Livvie complements this. ✅ Balancing your skin : By organizing the overall lines with shrink and taking care of the detailed areas with ribs, you can add balance and harmony to your entire face. To sum up, Shrink is an excellent treatment for lifting the entire face and smoothing lines. are you. Livvie provides additional care to delicate areas And it increases the overall level of completion. If you're considering skin care, we recommend focusing on shrinking and adding ribs where needed. Combine these two treatments for a firmer, more defined facial line! 😆 ------------------------------------------ Before and after shrink Want to see more? 👉🏻 Dayview Clinic Gangnam Branch (2024) | Shrink Universe Day 👉🏻 UNI Clinic Anyang Branch (2024) | Anyang) Elasticity UP! Shrink Universe 👉🏻 Reverse Clinic Suwon Branch (2024) | Suwon Shrink Universe 300-Shot Experience
캐시닥 운영진24.11.12Views 3916Likes 6
